• Bernstein conceives of a language of description as comprising an internal and an external language:
    • internal language is basically self-referential
    • external language enables the language to describe something other than itself
  • each may vary according to level of DS
  • astrophysics as metonymic apparatus: DS+ intermal language + DS+ inscription devices
  • literary criticism:
    • Geoffrey Hartman: fiction
    • Louis Montrose: metaphoric apparatus

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